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Introduction:
Bulb Onion is one of the most widely grown & consumed vegetables in Kenya. It is a biennial plant but considered an annual because it is harvested in its first growing stage. It is a profitable crop. However, it requires a lot of labor during transplanting and weeding. It is an important spice for foods when cooked or served raw. It is rich in Calcium, Iron, Potassium, Vitamin B6 & B9, Vitamin E and has medicinal properties. Nearly each household consumes at least two bulb onions in a day. Bulb onions do well in a hot, low humid environment. The growing season has 6 weeks in the nursery and 12 weeks in the main field. They do well under irrigation, where optimization and precision is achieved. The market size is estimated to be 122 million tonnes per year (AFDB Data). The market/farm gate price ranges from Sh.25 Ksh-90 Ksh, depending on supply and demand forces. Only 30% of the onions consumed in Kenya are produced locally thus there’s a huge demand for production and trade.
Common varieties
Kenya is known for its diverse onion production, with several onion varieties grown throughout the country. The choice of onion variety depends on factors such as market demand, growing conditions, and desired characteristics. Here are some popular onion varieties grown in Kenya:
- Africa Red: Africa Red is a popular red onion variety in Kenya. It produces medium-sized bulbs with deep red skin and has a pungent flavor. This variety is well-suited for both fresh consumption and storage purposes.
- Texas Grano 502 PRR: Texas Grano 502 PRR is a yellow onion variety widely grown in Kenya. It produces large bulbs with golden-brown skin and has a mild and sweet flavor. This variety is known for its good storage capabilities and is popular for cooking and processing.
- Red Coach: Red Coach is a red onion variety that has gained popularity in Kenya. It produces medium to large-sized bulbs with dark red skin. Red Coach onions have a sweet and mild flavor, making them suitable for salads, sandwiches, and other culinary uses.
- Neptune F1: Neptune F1 is a hybrid onion variety that is gaining popularity in Kenya. It is a yellow onion variety known for its high yields and uniform bulb size. Neptune F1 onions have a mild and sweet flavor and are suitable for both fresh consumption and storage.
- Red Creole: Red Creole is a red onion variety that performs well in Kenya’s climate. It produces medium-sized bulbs with reddish-brown skin and has a strong flavor. Red Creole onions are often used in cooking and can be stored for an extended period.
- Bombay White: Bombay White is a white onion variety grown in Kenya. It produces medium to large-sized bulbs with white skin and has a mild and sweet flavor. This variety is suitable for fresh consumption and storage purposes.
Optimal Ecological Requirements
Altitude: Onion can be cultivated up to 1,900 m above sea level
Rainfall: Onions require well-distributed rainfall of between 500 and 700 mm during the growing period. Dry spell is needed at maturity. However, when irrigation is factored in, onion can be grown any time of the year.
Temperature: The optimum temperature for growth is 15 – 30°C . If the temperature exceeds 30°C , maturity is hastened & small bulbs are produced, consequently lowering the yields. When the temperature is low, growth is slowed or the plant may result in flowering. Cold weather is also associated with increased leaf diseases.
Soil: Onions require fertile and well-drained soil. The optimum pH range is 6.0 – 6.8. Sandy to silty loams with fine tilth are adequate. We recommend conducting a soil test prior to planting so as to do the necessary soil corrections.
Key pointers on production
- Climate and Season: Onions thrive in cool, dry climates. The major onion-growing regions in Kenya include Kajiado, Nyeri, Mt. Elogon, Meru and Isiolo. The primary onion-growing season is from May to August, known as the long rains season. However, onions can also be grown during other seasons with proper irrigation.
- Soil Preparation: Onions require well-drained soil with good organic content. Prepare the soil by plowing, harrowing, and removing weeds. Conduct a soil test to determine nutrient levels and adjust accordingly. Onions prefer a soil pH between 6.0 and 6.8.
- Variety Selection: Select onion varieties suitable for commercial cultivation. Consult with your local agronomist or contact us to guide you through the selection of a variety suited to your local climate.
- Seedling Production: Onion seeds are usually sown in seedbeds or trays. Start seedling production 6-8 weeks before the transplantation period. Provide adequate water and shade during seedling development. Transplant healthy and disease-free seedlings to the main field. We offer seed propagation services, nursery establishment and ready seedlings at very competitive prices.
- Planting and Spacing: Prepare the field by creating ridges or raised beds. Plant onion seedlings at a spacing of 10-15 cm between plants and 20-30 cm between rows. Proper spacing allows bulbs to develop fully.
- Crop Management: Onions require regular watering to maintain soil moisture, especially during dry periods. Weed management is crucial to prevent competition for nutrients and space. Apply organic or inorganic fertilizers based on soil test results and crop requirements. Onions are prone to diseases like onion thrips, downy mildew, and onion white rot, so implement appropriate pest and disease control measures. We offer spray and feeding programs that will guide a farmer throughout the growing period.
- Harvesting and Storage: Harvest onions when the foliage turns yellow and starts to fall over. Lift the bulbs gently using a fork or spade. Cure the onions by leaving them in the field for 1-2 weeks to dry. After curing, store them in a cool, dry place with good ventilation to avoid spoilage. We have previously done a blog on how to store onions after planting to avoid post-harvest losses.
- Market and Sales: Before starting onion farming, research the market demand and potential buyers. Consider selling to local markets, supermarkets, hotels, restaurants, or directly to wholesalers. Networking with other farmers and participating in farmers’ markets can also help in finding buyers.
Profitability of Onion Farming/Acre
The profit per acre in onion farming can vary depending on various factors such as yield, market prices, production costs, and management practices. It’s important to note that onion farming profitability is influenced by specific circumstances and market dynamics. However, we can provide you with a general estimate based on average yields and market prices.
- Yield: The average yield of onions can vary depending on several factors, including variety, climate, soil fertility, and farming practices. In Kenya, with proper management, an average yield of 15 to 20 tons per acre is achievable for bulb onions.
- Market Prices: Onion prices fluctuate throughout the year due to seasonal variations and market demand. The prices can also vary based on the quality, size, and market channel. In 2023, the average market price is 50 Ksh /kg.
- Production costs: Include expenses such as land preparation, seed acquisition, labor, irrigation, fertilizers, pest and disease control, harvesting, storage, and marketing. The costs can vary depending on individual circumstances and management practices. Proper cost management and efficiency are essential to maximize profitability.
Based on these factors, here’s a simplified example calculation of onion profit per acre: Estimated yield: 18 tons (18,000 kilograms) Market price: KES 50 per kilogram Total revenue: 18,000 kg x KES 50/kg = KES 900,000 Production costs: Let’s assume the production costs amount to KES 300,000 per acre. Profit: Total revenue – Production costs = KES 900,000 – KES 300,000 = KES 600,000
Please note that this is a simplified example, and actual profitability can vary based on specific circumstances, market conditions, and individual farm management practices. It’s crucial to conduct a detailed financial analysis considering your specific costs, yields, and market prices to estimate the profitability accurately for your onion farming venture.
Onion Doctor supports small holder farmers across Africa with quality and affordable Onion and Garlic seedlings, Onion seedlings, Farm planning services, Soil testing, Drip irrigation installation and maintenance, Agronomic support, Onion and Garlic value pack, Farm management, E-extension and on-farm training for farmers to optimize on yields and get maximum profits.